母乳喂养的益处

母乳喂养的重要性是世界公认的。世界卫生组织建议妈妈在宝宝出生头六个月纯母乳喂养宝宝，之后在添加辅食的基础上至少坚持两年。但是，除了其营养价值之外，母乳喂养还有以下几项好处：保护宝宝降低感染风险，改善妈妈和宝宝的生理系统功能，有助于增进母婴情感。

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对妈妈的好处

产后早期妈妈和宝宝之间的身体接触有利于延长泌乳期，适应妈妈的胃肠道变化，增加哺乳期间的能量需求。母乳喂养让妈妈更关注宝宝的需求，可加速产后产后子宫复旧，减少出血的风险。有利于妈妈恢复孕前体重，降低患卵巢癌、乳腺癌、心血管疾病和 2 型糖尿病的风险。

母乳喂养具有长期抗应激作用；每次给宝宝亲喂母乳，妈妈的血压和皮质醇水平都会下降，与妈妈用奶瓶喂宝宝相比，亲喂时妈妈的身体应激反应皮质醇的升高幅度较小。与不进行母乳喂养或不生育的同龄妇女相比，亲喂母乳的妈妈可能会更镇定、更好相处。其实，母乳喂养有利于妈妈和宝宝的互动，让妈妈在宝宝出生后立即与宝宝亲肤接触，与宝宝相处得更久，亲喂时间更长。

对宝宝的益处

母乳既为宝宝的成长和发育提供最佳营养成分（脂肪、乳糖、蛋白质和宏量营养素），又能完全保护（生化和细胞成分）宝宝不受感染。与配方奶喂养的宝宝相比，足月宝宝喝母乳可显著改善其营养状况，促进胃肠道成熟和神经发育，不易受感染，不易患有慢性病。母乳喂养早产宝宝还有其它益处，包括减少患新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、肠内喂养不耐症、慢性肺病、早产儿视网膜病变、神经发育迟缓和再入院治疗的风险。

就宝宝发育而言，母乳喂养宝宝有许多好处，包括促进神经发育、提高行为等级、减少患肥胖症和成年 2 型糖尿病的风险。此外，母乳喂养还可促进宝宝口腔和面部的正常生长，包括促进牙列、口周和咬肌活动和上颚生长。降低中耳炎的风险。

母乳喂养还有利于增进母婴感情。吸吮等亲肤接触和触觉刺激乳头会导致缩宫素（射乳反射的关键激素）的释放，可培养母婴感情。缩宫素的释放增加了流入妈妈乳房和乳头区的血流量，使皮肤温度升高，给宝宝营造温暖和滋养的环境。

研究摘要

Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries （英语）

We reviewed the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on short- and long-term infant and maternal health outcomes in developed countries. ...

Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, DeVine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J (2007)

Evid Rep Technol Assess (153):1-186

An exclusively human milk-based diet is associated with a lower rate of necrotizing enterocolitis than a diet of human milk and bovine milk-based products （英语）

To evaluate the health benefits of an exclusively human milk-based diet compared with a diet of both human milk and bovine milk-based products in extremely ...

Sullivan S, Schanler RJ, Kim JH, Patel AL, Trawöger R, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer U, Chan GM, Blanco CL, Abrams S, Cotten CM, Laroia N, Ehrenkranz RA, Dudell G, Cristofalo EA, Meier P, Lee ML, Rechtman DJ, Lucas A (2010)

J Pediatr. (156):562-7

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母乳喂养的“正常”范围

母乳的益处